Lyndon B. Johnson

In Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., the Supreme Court held that 42 U.S.C. 1982 bars private as well as public racial discrimination in the sale and rental of property, and that Congress had authority under the Thirteenth Amendment to reach such conduct.

The Fair Housing Act of 1968, enacted as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, established federal prohibitions on specified forms of housing discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origin.

Johnson signed the Fair Housing Act in 1968, creating a major federal housing-discrimination protection with direct relevance to Black wealth-building and neighborhood access.

Johnson nominated and secured confirmation of Thurgood Marshall, creating a major Supreme Court appointment with direct Black civil-rights significance.

Johnson pushed for and signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, creating a major federal civil-rights protection against Black disenfranchisement.

Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, creating a stronger executive framework for nondiscrimination and affirmative-action enforcement in federal contracting and laying groundwork for later expansion under Nixon.

Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, creating the central federal anti-discrimination law of the era and reshaping the legal framework governing segregation and unequal treatment.