The Supreme Court held that Title VII prohibits employment practices that are facially neutral but have a discriminatory impact unless the employer can show business necessity.

The Supreme Court approved broad equitable remedies, including busing and redrawn attendance zones, to dismantle de jure school segregation.

Strengthened Title VII enforcement by giving the EEOC litigation authority, expanding coverage to state and local governments and educational institutions, and extending protections in public employment.

Prohibited discrimination in credit transactions based on race, sex, and other factors.

Created the Community Development Block Grant program and the Section 8 housing assistance framework while restructuring federal urban-development policy.

The Supreme Court limited interdistrict desegregation remedies by ruling that suburban districts could not be included in a metropolitan desegregation plan absent proof that they had contributed to the constitutional violation.

Required lenders to disclose mortgage data to identify discriminatory practices.

The law directed federal banking regulators to encourage insured depository institutions to help meet the credit needs of the communities they serve, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound operations.

The Supreme Court struck down a rigid admissions quota while also allowing race to be considered as one factor among many in higher education admissions.

Federal anti-drug law that established harsh mandatory minimum sentences, including the 100-to-1 crack versus powder cocaine sentencing disparity.

Required Medicare-participating hospitals with emergency departments to provide screening and stabilizing treatment for emergency medical conditions, including active labor, regardless of ability to pay.

The Supreme Court rejected an equal-protection and Eighth Amendment challenge to Georgia's death penalty despite statistical evidence of racial disparities, requiring proof of intentional discrimination in the individual case.

Expanded the federal drug war framework, created the Office of National Drug Control Policy, and intensified criminal penalties tied to drug enforcement.

The law restored broad institution-wide coverage for Title VI, Title IX, Section 504, and the Age Discrimination Act after narrower Supreme Court interpretations had limited their reach.

The law expanded the Fair Housing Act's protected classes and strengthened federal enforcement mechanisms and remedies for housing discrimination.

Would have established a federal commission to examine slavery, post-emancipation discrimination, and the continuing effects of those systems, and to recommend remedies including apology and compensation.

Strengthened civil rights protections in employment and allowed for jury trials and damages in discrimination cases.

Created a federal maternal and infant health initiative focused on communities with exceptionally high infant mortality and poor maternal health outcomes.

Expanded voter registration through motor vehicle agencies and public assistance offices.

Expanded policing, prisons, and sentencing laws across the United States.