Large federal crime law that expanded policing, prisons, and sentencing measures while also including provisions like the Violence Against Women Act.

Overhauled welfare programs and imposed work requirements and time limits on benefits.

Restricted the ability of prisoners to file lawsuits regarding prison conditions.

Overhauled eligibility rules for the VA health system, broadened access to medical services, and expanded attention to women veterans, mental health, and counseling.

Black farmers sued the U.S. Department of Agriculture over decades of racial discrimination in farm credit and benefit programs and the government's failure to process civil-rights complaints fairly.

Would have protected Pigford settlement recipients from tax liability and the loss of means-tested federal benefits triggered by settlement payments arising from USDA discrimination claims.

Expanded federal oversight of education and standardized testing requirements.

The Supreme Court upheld the University of Michigan Law School's limited use of race as one factor in a holistic admissions process.

Reauthorized major provisions of the Voting Rights Act with bipartisan support.

The Supreme Court struck down certain voluntary K-12 student assignment plans that used individual racial classifications to promote school integration.

Created a major modern package of education and housing-related benefits for veterans who served after September 10, 2001, covering tuition, housing, books, and training support.

Reauthorized and expanded CHIP, increasing federal support for child coverage, outreach, enrollment, and optional coverage of low-income pregnant women.

Implemented financial regulations and created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

Reduced sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine offenses.

Established a federal evidence-based home visiting program for pregnant women and families with young children in communities facing greater barriers and health risks.

Expanded Medicaid, created insurance marketplaces, prohibited many coverage denials, and widened subsidized access to health insurance.

Supreme Court decision that invalidated the coverage formula used for federal preclearance under the Voting Rights Act.

Replaced No Child Left Behind and returned more control to states.

The Supreme Court held that disparate-impact claims are cognizable under the Fair Housing Act, preserving an important tool for challenging facially neutral housing policies with discriminatory effects.

Updated and expanded GI Bill benefits, including changes affecting housing, school closures, reserve eligibility, and the elimination of benefit expiration for many Post-9/11 GI Bill users.