The Supreme Court narrowly interpreted the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, sharply limiting its usefulness as a federal protection against state-level rights violations.

The Supreme Court overturned federal convictions tied to the Colfax Massacre and sharply limited federal power to protect Black citizens from private racial violence and state-level rights violations.

The Supreme Court struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875, ruling that Congress could not prohibit racial discrimination by private individuals or businesses.

The Supreme Court upheld racial segregation under the separate but equal doctrine.

The Supreme Court upheld Mississippi's poll tax, literacy test, and related voter qualification scheme because the law did not explicitly name race on its face, even though it was designed and administered to disfranchise Black voters.

The Supreme Court refused to grant meaningful relief to Black plaintiffs challenging Alabama's disfranchising constitution, effectively declining to use federal judicial power to restore their voting rights.

Created to refinance home mortgages during the Great Depression and produced residential security maps that contributed to redlining practices.

Established the Federal Housing Administration to insure mortgages and expand homeownership.

The Supreme Court upheld the exclusion of Black voters from a Texas Democratic primary by treating the party's action as private rather than state action.

Launched the modern interstate highway system and accelerated massive federally backed road construction through cities and metropolitan regions across the United States.

The Supreme Court limited interdistrict desegregation remedies by ruling that suburban districts could not be included in a metropolitan desegregation plan absent proof that they had contributed to the constitutional violation.

Federal anti-drug law that established harsh mandatory minimum sentences, including the 100-to-1 crack versus powder cocaine sentencing disparity.

The Supreme Court rejected an equal-protection and Eighth Amendment challenge to Georgia's death penalty despite statistical evidence of racial disparities, requiring proof of intentional discrimination in the individual case.

Expanded the federal drug war framework, created the Office of National Drug Control Policy, and intensified criminal penalties tied to drug enforcement.

Expanded policing, prisons, and sentencing laws across the United States.

Restricted the ability of prisoners to file lawsuits regarding prison conditions.

The Supreme Court struck down certain voluntary K-12 student assignment plans that used individual racial classifications to promote school integration.

Supreme Court decision that invalidated the coverage formula used for federal preclearance under the Voting Rights Act.

HUD terminated the 2015 Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing regulation, ending the structured Assessment of Fair Housing framework that had required localities and housing agencies to use data and planning tools tied to segregation and opportunity gaps.

The Supreme Court upheld Arizona voting restrictions and adopted a narrower interpretation of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act.