Divided most former Confederate states into military districts and required new constitutions, ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, and Black male suffrage as conditions for readmission to the Union.

Placed former Confederate states under military administration and required new state constitutions and Black male suffrage for readmission.

Prohibited denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Protected voting rights of Black Americans and enforced the 15th Amendment.

Series of laws aimed at protecting Black voting rights and suppressing white supremacist violence and intimidation.

Expanded federal oversight of elections and enforcement powers against voter suppression.

Authorized federal intervention against conspiracies that deprived citizens of civil and voting rights, especially Klan violence.

The Supreme Court overturned federal convictions tied to the Colfax Massacre and sharply limited federal power to protect Black citizens from private racial violence and state-level rights violations.

The Supreme Court upheld Mississippi's poll tax, literacy test, and related voter qualification scheme because the law did not explicitly name race on its face, even though it was designed and administered to disfranchise Black voters.

The Supreme Court refused to grant meaningful relief to Black plaintiffs challenging Alabama's disfranchising constitution, effectively declining to use federal judicial power to restore their voting rights.

The Supreme Court struck down grandfather clauses that were used to block Black Americans from voting.

The Supreme Court struck down a Texas statute that explicitly barred Black citizens from voting in Democratic primary elections.

The Supreme Court upheld the exclusion of Black voters from a Texas Democratic primary by treating the party's action as private rather than state action.

The Supreme Court struck down Oklahoma's replacement voter registration scheme because it preserved advantages for voters previously protected by a grandfather clause while imposing restrictive, short registration windows on Black citizens excluded under Jim Crow.

The Supreme Court ruled that white-only primary elections were unconstitutional.

Created the Civil Rights Division in the Justice Department and the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, with limited voting-rights enforcement provisions.

Strengthened federal inspection of voter registration records and penalties for obstructing court orders involving school desegregation.

Prohibited poll taxes in federal elections.

Prohibited racial discrimination in voting and targeted discriminatory barriers like literacy tests.

The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.