The Supreme Court refused to grant meaningful relief to Black plaintiffs challenging Alabama's disfranchising constitution, effectively declining to use federal judicial power to restore their voting rights.

The Supreme Court struck down grandfather clauses that were used to block Black Americans from voting.

The Supreme Court struck down a Louisville residential segregation ordinance that barred Black people from buying property on majority-white blocks and white people from buying property on majority-Black blocks.

A federal anti-lynching bill passed the House but was blocked in the Senate after fierce opposition.

The Supreme Court struck down a Texas statute that explicitly barred Black citizens from voting in Democratic primary elections.

Created to refinance home mortgages during the Great Depression and produced residential security maps that contributed to redlining practices.

A later federal anti-lynching bill was introduced but failed to become law after strong Senate resistance.

Established the Federal Housing Administration to insure mortgages and expand homeownership.

The Supreme Court upheld the exclusion of Black voters from a Texas Democratic primary by treating the party's action as private rather than state action.

Established workers’ rights to unionize and bargain collectively.

Created federal old-age insurance, unemployment insurance, and public assistance programs, but initially excluded many occupations in which Black workers were concentrated, including large portions of agricultural and domestic labor.

The House passed Representative Joseph Gavagan's anti-lynching bill in 1937, but Senate filibusters and failed cloture efforts prevented it from becoming law.

Created the United States Housing Authority and provided federal support for low-income housing and slum clearance, but administration through local authorities often reproduced segregation and unequal access.

Established minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor protections.

The Supreme Court ruled that states providing a law school for white students had to provide a genuinely equal legal education for Black students within the state.

The Supreme Court struck down Oklahoma's replacement voter registration scheme because it preserved advantages for voters previously protected by a grandfather clause while imposing restrictive, short registration windows on Black citizens excluded under Jim Crow.

Prohibited racial discrimination in the national defense industry and established the Fair Employment Practice Committee.

Provided education and housing benefits to returning veterans.

The Supreme Court ruled that white-only primary elections were unconstitutional.

Authorized federal grants and loans for hospital construction and modernization through state plans, greatly expanding hospital infrastructure while permitting segregated implementation in many parts of the country.